The growing popularity of paranormal studies and haunted houses in the Research Paper

3 Steps to Acing Your Upcoming Group Interview You’ve been approached in for a board meet. Perhaps you’re threatened. Perhaps frightened. Possibly you’re not even sure you comprehend what that really involves. Whatever your degree of fear, here are three simple strides to traversing your board meet tranquilly and in one piece. Stage 1: BEFOREYou reserve the privilege to ask who will be on your board. Do this. At that point inquire about each board part as well as could be expected. You’ll have the option to make sense of a considerable amount and get ready better for what each may be generally quick to ask you. What does this specific gathering of individuals educate you regarding what the organization is attempting to assess?You can likewise ask to what extent (generally) the meeting should last. This will give you a nice sentiment for what amount to and fro conversation will be conceivable, how much space you’ll be given to pose inquiries, to what extent your answers can be, etc.Step 2: DURING Treat every individual on the board like an individual not simply one more anonymous face. This isn't an indifferent divider asking you inquiries. Every questioner on your board is another chance to make a human association and persuade that a lot more individuals in the organization what an extraordinary fit you would be.Be sure to observe everybody’s name as they are presented. Record every one if that causes you recall. When responding to questions, talk straightforwardly to the person who asked, yet then attempt to widen your answer out to cause the remainder of the board to feel remembered for the discussion.Step 3: AFTERYou’ve took in their names and put forth an attempt to interface with each board part presently thank every single one of them earnestly withâ solid eye to eye connection and a quality handshake. From that point forward, it’s the typical post-meet follow-up methodology. Be that as it may, recall that you have to keep in touch with one card to say thanks for each board part. It appears to be a torment, however it’s these little contacts that will help set you apart.The board talk with: 6 hints for previously, during, and after

Contemporary Issues in International Business

Question: Examine about the Contemporary Issues in International Business. Answer: Presentation: The conceptualization of International business is intended to concentrate on the both controllable and wild powers. The controllable power is alluded to the inward powers which exist inside an association. In different terms, these are powers, which the association can control, for example the supervisory group will have the option to control issues identified with work force the executives and the worker complaints identified with taking activities to move abroad (Broucek et al., 2012). The wild powers can be characterized as those powers, which the associations don't have control. For example, the climatic hindrance, social obstructions, contenders, Government mediation and the arrangements taken by the Government are straightforwardly identified with the various sorts of the outer powers, which influence the global business in an association. Regarding the current issues identify with the global the business visionaries are confronting a significant issue identified with the headway in innovation and furious rivalry because of the ascent of internet business and savage rivalry across universal outskirts (Ball et al., 2012). The examination proposition is expected to feature the current issues, which exist in the universal business situation. The principle investigation will be appeared as far as the understanding the significant components of the global business. The exploration will at that point incorporate doing a full scale natural examination, which will have the option to concentrate on the key components identified with the theme. The examination will be founded on various kinds of essential just as optional information. The investigation will be additionally founded on the advancement of the exploration questions and theory (Neelankavil, 2015). The principle detailing of the examination addresses will be founded on the information and attention to eh large scale ecological components influencing global business. These components have been found in regard to the administrator, who are engaged with running a worldwide concern. The examination will likewise introduce the speculation, which will ant icipate the dependence of web based promoting in International Business (Griffin Pustay, 2012). Worldwide business and contemporary issues The business exchanges, for example, ventures, coordinations related, deals and private exchanges occurring between at least two nations going past the national outskirts is named as global business. Henceforth, the worldwide business might be alluded to as those universal exchanges, which includes cross outskirt exchange of merchandise, administrations or assets between at least two countries (Cavusgil et al., 2014). The essential contemporary issues in the universal business has been seen with the impact of worldwide, environmental and social variables which are liable for driving the business in a specific locale. It has been additionally seen that the universal business is legitimately reliant on the various sorts of the perspectives which are straightforwardly identified with the market factors controllable (inside) both the wild (outer) and wild market powers (Wu Hsu, 2013). A portion of the significant parts of inward business for reasonable and gainful deals of the business has been found as far as impacting minimum amount, pledge to business, capital, network, nation intuition, nonstop advancement, certainty and managing serious items and administrations (De Castro, Khavul Bruton, 2014). Large scale condition of worldwide business The large scale condition is frequently alluded to as the outside powers, which influences the significant choices identified with worldwide business. The full scale condition comprises of the various kinds of the components, for example, innovative, financial, lawful/political, climatic variables and the social obstructions, which is diligent across worldwide fringes (Verbeke, 2013).The different sorts of the examinations identified with eh large scale ecological investigation has been concentrated with the utilization of the PEST examination. The contemporary legitimate hindrances have been found as far as tax and non levy across universal fringes. This critically affects the cross fringes exchanges (Hamilton Webster, 2015). Research Questions and Hypothesis Research Questions Are the directors mindful of the impact of full scale condition components in International business? Do the advancements in Ecommerce have brought a change in perspective in International business? Will the contemporary issues in worldwide business be understood with an increased concentration towards web based advertising? Research Hypothesis The accompanying theory will be set so as to make proposals for the contemporary issues in International Business: Invalid Hypothesis (H0): The contemporary issues in International can't be tended to utilizing web based showcasing through organization site and internet based life stages like stages like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and YouTube. Elective Hypothesis (H1): The contemporary issues in International business can be productively tended to utilizing internet advertising techniques, for example, site and web based life stages like stages like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and YouTube. Operational definitions and estimations The extent of the information will be gathered regarding restricting the respondents to 50 so as to keep away from any sort of entanglement with the examination procedure. The various sorts of the reactions will be estimated as far as utilizing a Likert scale; this is a scale, which speaks to the disposition of individuals towards a specific theme. There will be a few parameters set for the execution of Likert Scale. The reactions will be changed over as far as rate with the end goal of quantitative investigation of the essential examination of information from the respondents. Research Methodologies: Data Collection and investigation Inspecting Techniques The inspecting strategy will be mostly founded on essential information examination. The complete respondents have been seen to be 50. Among, the 50 respondents 25 are ostracizes with global assignments and 25 are directors who are wanting to grow their tasks past the national outskirts. Technique for Analysis The assortment of the essential information will be for the most part dependent on a study technique. The various kinds of the parameters and the reactions for the inquiries will be changed over in rate esteems for a superior comprehension of the reactions. The quantitative information investigation will be additionally founded on creating a focal inclination examination of respondents information. So as to show signs of improvement comprehension of the information some of factual apparatuses which will be utilized are Sample Variance, Skewness, Standard Deviation and the middle of the given. The optional investigation will mull over the hypothetical bases considered for the investigation of the writing survey. Research Process The underlying exploration procedure will start from the distinguishing proof of various kind of contemporary issues, which continues in the universal business condition. The information assortment procedure will at that point be started with the review methodology. The defined inquiries will be posed to 25 administrators and 25 representatives who are straightforwardly identified with the global business tasks. The investigation will be led utilizing focal propensity approach and discovering of elucidating insights estimations of the related information. Anticipated Outcomes The exploration result will have the option to mean the information on large scale natural components in International business among the business visionaries and directors. The exploration result will have the option to show the developments in Ecommerce in achieving a critical change in International business. Information Analysis The fundamental understandings of the essential information will be founded on the study poll arranged for the 50 respondents. The examination of the information will be founded on various sorts of the inquiries, which will run from familiarity with both the chiefs and ostracize representatives. The investigation of the inquiries will be founded on level of reactions for the alternatives gave in the Likert scale, for example, Very Strong Influence, Strong Influence, Marginal Influence, Slight impact and no impact by any means. The investigation will delineate the outcome about the impact of large scale condition components in International business, basis whether developments in Ecommerce have brought a change in outlook in International business and finally the method of reasoning for giving answer for the contemporary issues in universal business with an expanded concentration towards internet promoting. The optional information examination will mull over the International business and contemporary issues and the investigation of Macro condition of global business. The fundamental examination of the theory testing will be founded on the understanding of both essential and optional information results for question 3. The choice identified with tolerating or dismissing of the speculation will be founded on the tendency of the respondents for the alternatives being referred to 3. End The definite investigation of the distinctive sort of discoveries has been considered in type of hypothesis base, foundation of writing, the survey of the important writing, the understandings procedures has been applied to the significant inquiries, and the speculation chose for the information examination. The translation of the familiarity with impact of large scale condition components in International business has been seen with halfway mindfulness among the respondents. The full scale natural examination has indicated tendency towards concession to the second parameter which is shows that the respondents halfway consent to attention to impact of large scale condition components in International business. The optional understanding additionally shows the inclination of the respondents to choose halfway mindfulness. The respondents have additionally indicated understanding of negligible impact of web based business in worldwide business. In view of the interpreta

Unfaithful Behavior Help Essays

Unfaithful Behavior Help Essays Unfaithful Behavior Help Essay Unfaithful Behavior Help Essay In the story The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber, Margots unfaithful conduct causes Francis to discover his boldness. Margot couldnt stand Francis not focusing on her, despite the fact that they dont love one another. When Francis discusses lion chasing with Wilson, Margot finds that she cannot partake in that discussion. The way that she cannot take an interest causes Margot to feel shaky, and she needs to change the subject to something different that she can participate. What's more, it appears that Margot likewise is frustrated by Francis, in light of the fact that he was shy during the real lion chasing. Indeed, those feelings about Francis makes Margot undermines him by having an unsanctioned romance with Robert Wilson, for the most part to bring his consideration back. Be that as it may, the outcome doesnt come out as she anticipated. Indeed, Margots undertaking with Wilson doesnt make Francis focus on her. Rather, it made Francis get frantic, and that outrage at long last comes out as discovering fortitude which he didnt have, and he needs to get. In any event, Margots undertaking succeeds in light of the fact that Francis threatens and gets desirous about it. Be that as it may, Margots decision for accomplice, which is Wilson, appears not viable to get Francis consideration back. Contrast with Francis, Wilson is progressively manly and daring, and in the field of chasing, those are just qualities required. So to state, Wilson is better in Africa, in spite of the fact that he is recruited by Francis and under Francis. In this way, Margots undertaking with Wilson really causes Francis to feel being looted something he possesses by somebody superior to him. Furthermore, seeing his significant other taking part in an extramarital entanglements with the man better than him is sufficient to make Francis to be enraged. Particularly, their disconnected circumstance, which goes with straightforward connections, may cause Francis generally to feel more sold out. Be that as it may, the annoyance isnt communicated towards Margot, which ought to be occurred. Rather, the issue among Margot and Wilson causes Francis disdain towards Wilson, not Margot. Truth be told, it is very common, in light of the fact that there is no inclination left among Margot and Francis. They are a couple who are only scared of the likelihood that both of them could leave another. In any case, Wilson, who is better than Francis in the circumstance they are in, can be loathed by Francis, since he removes one thing he doesnt have and Francis has, and it makes him stunningly better. Despite the fact that Francis communicates his unsettling influence towards Margot, it appears to be progressively sensible to decipher those articulations as the envy brought about by Wilson, and said to Margot. Notwithstanding, thus, Francis outrage and disdain encourages him to overlook his dread. When they discover bison, Francis had no dread, just scorn of Wilson. Francis doesnt waver to shoot, and prevails to chase wild oxen down nearly without Wilsons help. Through this experience, Francis felt an unequivocal euphoria of accomplishment, which he never felt. What's more, this inclination originates from chasing, yet in addition discovering fearlessness he didnt have previously and Wilson had. Now, Francis stops to think about Margots unfaithful conduct, since he isnt substandard compared to Wilson any longer, and it doesnt matter Wilson remove something he doesnt have any sentiments.

Sustainable Design and Its Place in my Pedagogy Essay Example for Free

Reasonable Design and Its Place in my Pedagogy Essay I accept that an individual has to realize how to make (they need a comprehension of the hypotheses of production at any rate). They have to have that expertise before they can turn into a cultivated originator. Similarly, I accept that a creator needs to have a decent comprehension of the structure procedure (they need an idea of plan in any event). This reasonable understanding will thusly advise the assembling regarding plans. This perhaps a striking proclamation to make, however my related involvements have driven me to remain by this attestation. My BA (Hons) in Furniture Design Craftsmanship was a 50% plan based course with a 50% creation perspective. This implied with my comprehension of how furniture was developed, this educated my structuring. Be that as it may, by a similar token, not a total trade off was at any point made on the plan. We were urged to stay by our weapons with respect to shape and work, and to however our specific venture was inclined. From that, when I entered the universe of business, acknowledge hit me thick and quick. It was apparent when working with some inside originators, just as certain engineers, that there was obviously no genuine idea of how their plans would have been brought to three-dimensional life. This put a ton of focus on me as a creator, to work through the issues of the structures. Presently, on the off chance that I was new to the procedures and ideas of structure at this stage, I could have (the same number of in a similar workshop did), said that it was unrealistic and not offered much as far as options or arrangements (despite the fact that the creator appears to take a bigger lump of the commission and never pays for that critical thinking that a production needs to manage). Assuming nonetheless, the fashioner is progressively acquainted with the procedures of assembling, numerous issues could be settled at the planning phase. I have likewise experienced degrees of craftsmanship that are not deserving of that title. I am solid in my conviction, that in Britain (or possibly in the South-East and London territories); there is an unmistakable absence of viable capacity with respect to assembling aptitude. Extraordinary Britain was once renowned for its amazing skilled workers and ladies all things considered, yet taking a shot at building destinations in the course of the last three or so years has driven me to ask; what befallen them? I accept, significant hand abilities are being lost and that structure innovation in schools is one of the main instruments to attempt to reintroduce a recovery. This should be possible through a progression of Focused Practical Tasks (FPTs); this will educate later Design Make Assignments (DMAs). Be that as it may; Ofsted has announced reliably that structuring aptitudes linger behind creation abilities. In 2002 Ofsted detailed that in certain schools, there is deficient regard for the procedures of structuring, especially in Key Stage 3 where understudies understanding of plan and innovation is only an arrangement of short engaged functional errands with no chance to apply their own thoughts in a more drawn out plan task. (ITE, 2009) I for one have a pet abhorrence towards the current direct style venture envelope. An ADDIE model (Analyze, Design, Develop, Implement, and Evaluate) these procedures are viewed as consecutive yet in addition iterative. (Molenda, 2003) This is available in many schools and has been for various years, surely during my training. It wasnt until I began my advanced education that I understood that plan isn't direct in any way. Configuration practice in Technology training in secondary schools setting isn't a portrayal of the expert domain of structure. (Leahy, 2009, p. 25) We dont compose a short, investigate, compose a detail, structure, create and make on after the other. As a general rule, we are continually looking into up and down the way, we are then trying at various stages and that prompts our plans, advancements require another degree of research, etc. I comprehend the facilitate that a direct style can end up being in school practice, yet it is a fake method of structure. Both Linear procedure and evaluation are smothering innovative plan results. (Leahy, 2009, p. 25) I might want to incorporate with my showing a method of a tending to the organizer structure, so it turns out to be progressively common and closer to genuine industry approach. I likewise feel that as fashioners or creators, we have a heart job and commitment to making a practical planet. On my degree course an accentuation towards supportability was constantly suggested, Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) was one of many overseeing bodies spoken about. We were constantly urged to be as least inefficient as could be expected under the circumstances and very still, small voice of choosing the correct timber or different materials. I increased a lot of regard for the significance of maintainability from two key sources. One was that in Native American Indian culture, that when a wild ox or buffalo was killed, not one bit of its body was ever squandered, all tissue became foo d, organs we rarities, covers up became dress and safe houses and bones became devices. The second was a book One Tree. The book shows the activities of various specialists, stone workers, furniture producers and other experts and ladies, that all pre-owned material from one oak tree. Each and every piece of the tree was utilized, with the goal that one people squander was the following people to control. (Olson, 2001) Maintainable Design is a concentration towards components of social, ecological, formative and moral concerns. While experiencing the procedures of structuring physical items and constructed conditions; Scrutinizing the requirement for an item; accomplishing more for less; a worry for personal satisfaction rather than material way of life; an attention on reasons for natural issues as opposed to their side effects; and an onus on administration instead of possession (Goggin, 2002), all should be considered along the plan venture. This relates legitimately to my theme in regards to the 6 Rs. The aim of feasible structure is to take out negative natural effect totally through capable, delicate plan (McLennan, 2004). This must be accomplished by: engaging individuals (youngsters just as grown-ups) with the information, thoughts and devices that address current needs as well as those of people in the future (United Nations, 1992). Feasible plan will normally fit economical improvement that addresses the issues of the present without trading off the capacity of people in the future to address the issues of their own (Goggin, 2002, p. 257). Two scientists Anne and Paul Ehrlich (1990) recommended that natural effect (E) compares to populace (P), increased by material utilization, or prosperity (A), duplicated by the ecological effect of innovation used to deliver merchandise (T). This is appeared as: E = P x A x T. Goggin and Lawler (2002) at that point clarified that as a benchmark of today we can show it as 1 = 1 x 1 x 1. The United countries International Panel on Climate Change have required a 60% cut in green house gases. Populace is set to twofold in the following forty years and the wealth mark should expand multiple times. This way to adjust the condition: 0.4 (E) = 2 (P) x 4 (A) x ? (T), Technological Impact should be 0.05. That is a ninety-five percent decrease. Obviously supportability can't be accomplished through structure alone and without a Draconian populace control, we are left with wealth. (Goggin, 2002, p. 258) Does this at that point imply that the assignment of just lessening the measure of items we make isn't sufficient, we at that point need to expend much less also? We can devour far a littler sum by tending to the six Rs, or specifically; Repair, Reuse and Recycle, and on a more profound level Refuse items that are not fit for reason or/and non-maintainable. We can likewise address the issues of material utilization and advances ecological effects, through receiving an Ecodesign technique or even a thought for Life Cycles. These methodologies take a gander at each effect in each phase of the items life length towards the earth, just as hoping to improve the items capacity, appearance and quality (or Fit for Purpose). I have composed into my subject of work an examination task which thus leads on to an update task or an improvement task, where a fairly non-economical item is assessed and redeveloped delicately, so as to diminish the natural effect of that item. Regardless of whether this is just on an essential initial level, it will give and utilize a few, if not all, the pertinent aptitudes that are required for economical structure. I accept if a component of maintainability is composed into all plan briefs, regardless of whether it is a little FPT, or a full DMA, at that point an idea in any event to manageability will be natural. When strolling around homerooms on my situation (likewise of my own tutoring experience), testing a students plan organizers for their incorporation of practical idea, appeared to get a stressed after-thought clarification. I have wound up attempting to address further their expectations for material decisions and creation strategies. In doing this, occasionally the appropriate responses are acceptable and appear to be very much educated as though the information is available in their seeing, yet not applied in their planning. On different events, they essentially don't have the information and profundity of comprehension to advise their planning. That at that point puts the obligation on us as structure innovation teachers, to convey the information for their seeing, yet additionally to compose into venture briefs and appraisal models a part of condition thought. There are various characteristic zones where supportability fits perfectly into the current ADDIE venture organizer style. I realize I have referenced my abhorrence for this unnatural straight method of structuring, yet perhaps little advances are all together. In a full DMA venture organizer, for instance a KS4 GCSE or A-Level controlled appraisal envelope, research, investigations and plan improvements are generally territories to incorporate maintainability, at any rate. Most tasks require a component o

Free Extended Essay Samples

Free Extended Essay SamplesThere are a few places where you can get free extended essay samples. As long as you have access to the internet, you can find them online.If you go into your local library, you can find a lot of free essay samples online. Some libraries will send you a PDF file with some of these. However, the quality of these is not very good and most people will not want to read them.You can also go online and check out writing samples offered by several different publishers. These are all free. But they do not offer much.The problem with this is that you do not learn as much about writing essays as you would by taking part in an essay writing class. Many times, when you are a writer, you are reading an essay that someone else has written and tried to rewrite it from scratch. If you do this with practice, you will be able to do it more quickly than you would have to do if you were just reading an essay to help you through some of the questions.Sometimes, you would just h ave to buy an essay book to get the questions down pat. You could probably just go online and ask some writing teachers who specialize in this type of material. But even then, if you are not a good writer, you may not know how to make it sound like you wrote it yourself.However, the best place to look for your essay writing sample is to find one that is designed specifically for your particular subject. This is a great way to ensure that you will be able to practice and learn how to write essays properly.The key is to use the essay writing samples to write as many essays as possible, until you get good enough at writing and cover letters. Once you have those down pat, you can then move on to taking an exam and getting a degree.

Proposal for Second Language Acquisition - 550 Words

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The Homeland Security Act Of 2002 Pulls Apart Immigration

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In the first introduction Hester is perceived as someone who does not care what other people think of her and will stare down the barrel of a gun. The author, Nathaniel Hawthorne, compares Hester to her babe by showing how they are both shunned by the people viewing them. Hawthorne contrats them when Hester stands upon the scaffold with her head held high, while her babe cries out. As Hester walks out of herRead MoreThe Logic Of Gro unded Theory And Initial Coding Essay1372 Words   |  6 Pagesfor one to carry out chapter-by-chapter reading. Therefore, with this analysis, it is also significant for one to make a succinct summary of these chapters and come up with a personal reflection of the same. This method enriches one with the knowledge of qualitative research skills as argued out by Charmaz. For this very task, I will put focus on chapter 5, The Logic of Grounded Theory Coding Practices and Initial Coding and chapter 6, Focused Coding and Beyond. 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Essay Daniel H. Pinks Critique of A Whole New Mind

Will right-brainers rule the future? A whole new mind: why right-brainers will rule the future, a book by Daniel H. Pink assesses this critical question. Pink’s book is divided into two parts. Part one lays out the broad animating idea, provides an overview of key differences between our left and right hemispheres, presents the case for why Abundance, Asia, and Automation pushes the world into the â€Å"Conceptual Age†. It illustrates why people who master high concept and high touch set the tempo for modern life. Part two of the book covers the six essential right brain abilities Pink described as needed to make it in the Conceptual Age. Design. Story. Symphony. Empathy. Play. Meaning. Pink devotes one chapter to each of these six senses,†¦show more content†¦Pink’s agreement here conflicts with the reoccurring theme of his book that right brain directed thinking should be added to left brain directed thinking. Throughout the book Pink illustrated how r ight brain directed thinking is rising in fields that were restricted to L-directed thinking and thinkers. For example, in the chapter on story he reveals the idea of narrative medicine. â€Å"Narrative medicine is part of a wider trend to incorporate an R-Directed approach into what has long been a bastion of L-Directed muscle-flexing. Fifteen years ago, about one out of three American medical schools offered humanities courses. Today, three out of four do† (Pink, 2006). From this example just like many in his book Pink addresses how and why R-directed thinking could and should be added to L-directed thinking but he lack in evidence in showing that we are completely moving away from â€Å"an economy and society built on the logical, liner, computer-like capabilities of the Information Age to the economy and society built on the inventive empathetic, big-picture capabilities† (2006). Pink’s argument that we are moving out of a left-brain dominance and in to a new era where right brain qualities will be prized is well illustrated in part one the book. According to Pink â€Å"the two hemispheres of our brain don’t operate as on-off switches†¦both halves play a role in nearly everything we do† (2011). Pink suggests that both hemisphere of the brain are equally important. In fact, â€Å"a healthy,

Cost Control and Procurement free essay sample

Clients of the construction industry are becoming larger, more efficient and adopting more sophisticated techniques for forecasting and controlling costs. As a result, the Construction Industry requires professional advisors for building projects to demonstrate a high degree of efficiency and expertise in advising on costs. 4. The trend of modern designs, new construction techniques, new materials and new methods of construction give designers a wider choice of products. The result of this growing trend is a wider variety in construction products. Efforts to produce balanced designs and achieve value-for-money using traditional methods of estimating have severe limitations, which demonstrate the need for effective ways of controlling costs. 5. Existing estimating methods have sometimes not been adequate in giving estimated costs. When this happens, the project involved may receive a lot of adverse publicity. 6. In a bid to win more t6enders, most contractors may reduce their profit margins. With reduced profit margins, there is now a greater cost-consciousness ton ensure that any possible losses are avoided through effective cost control. . The increasing emphasis on the elimination of waste in construction and the need to use the world’s diminishing resources judiciously calls for improved methods of forecasting and controlling the costs of construction. 8. The cost of capital for construction has become very high as a result of inflation and high interest rates. Coupled with a general shortage of investment capital for construction as a result of global economic trends and restrictions on the use of capital, these all make effective cost control very important. 9. The rising demand for integrated design that efficiently delivers both building and services elements in complex developments like hospitals, airports etc. , require effective cost planning to ensure that the design solution delivers value-for-money. PURPOSE OF COST CONTROL 1. Limits the client’s expenditure keeping it within the agreed amount. (means that the tender sum and final account should be approximately equal to the budget estimate). 2. Helps during the design stage to achieve a balance in the expenditures for the various elements of the proposed building. . Provides the client with value-for-money (ensures resources are used to the best advantage)- a building that is soundly constructed, which has satisfactory appearance and is well suited to perform the functions required as well as completed on time. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF COST CONTROL In the 18th century, there were no main contractors as they operate now. Instead, buildings were constructed by groups of trades men working for themselves. Measurers were employed to measure and value the cost of work both at the design stage and when they had been constructed. The measurers argued on behalf of the tradesmen with the client and architect. In the 19th century, the main contractor system was introduced. This introduced price competition before construction. This necessitated the need for skills in pre-construction measuring, taking-off quantities from drawings before construction was started. These quantities were assembled into the bill of Quantities which provided a rational basis for competition amongst contractors. This stage in the development of the quantity surveying profession meant that work was measured and priced after the design prior to execution. In the next stage, approximate estimating techniques were introduced. These would help forecast a probable tender figure. Reasonably accurate probable costs can be determined early in the design process using cost planning techniques and cost analysis methods. With increasing complexity of building projects and the accompanying specialist skills required to design these presents a wide variety of alternative solutions. Most clients need the reassurance that their money is being spent well which underscores the need for the quantity surveyor’s role. as the financial advisor to the construction industry, he is responsible for providing economically viable solutions to the many kinds of building development problems including controlling costs. Kenyon (1964) looks at the issue from the architect’s point of view and describes the new role required of quantity surveyors as â€Å"being the encyclopedia of information on every aspect of building costs†. The Quantity Sur veyor, he says, must be fully informed of new methods of construction, new materials being introduced (e. g. Trassaco valley’s Prefab Construction) and be able to advice on comparative costs. Planning for the building must go hand-in-hand with planning for costs. This requires the Quantity surveyor to work hand-in-hand with the architect. Fulcher (1980) observers a trend of a shift in emphasis towards cost consultancy and suggests that quantity surveyors be fully conversant with all relevant cost factors in addition to the provision of traditional quantity surveying services. DESIGN VARIABLES AFFECTING THE COSTS OF BUILDINGS The cost of a building may be influenced by several factors including the shape, size, storey heights and total height among other building characteristics. It is essential that quantity surveyors be fully aware of the effect on costs of changes in any of these factors. The unit commonly used in comparing the cost implications of alternative designs is the square metre of floor area measured between the main enclosing walls i. e. the inner faces of the walls. This method makes no deductions for staircases, lift shafts, internal walls or other circulation space. Costs may be expressed this way for either the whole or part of the building. In practice however, allowance has to be made when using this method for differing conditions on different projects and sites. For example, two similar buildings constructed on different sites with different soil conditions will have different foundation costs and thus different overall costs. Effect of Plan Shape on Building Costs [pic] Generally, simpler shapes cost less to build than more complex shapes. This is because the longer, narrower, more complicated or irregular a shape gets, the higher the perimeter/ floor area ratio gets and in effect the higher the unit cost. Then again, irregular outlines yield increased costs for other reasons such as increased setting out costs, increased costs for site works, drainage works which tend to be more complicated and thus more expensive. In the two figures above, both outlines have the same floor area. In Building 2 however, there is 6% more external wall which encloses the same floor area as the first Building. As a result, setting out costs are up to 50% higher in Building 2 than Building 1. Excavation costs in the 2nd is around 20% higher than the 1st. metres of additional 100mm drain and 2 extra manholes required for the latter means up to 25% higher costs for drainage. Brickwork and roofing costs in Building 2 are also higher owing to the complicated design. Running costs arising from painting etc. may also be higher for Building 2. In practice however, cost control considerations have to be made in the light of practical and functional aspects of the building like daylighting requirements as well as a esthetics. There is the Quantity Surveyor needs to be able to maintain balance between cost savings, function and appearance. Cost saving alternatives should function satisfactorily and be aesthetically desirable. Effect of Size of Building on Cost Increasing the size of buildings generally lead to a reduction of unit costs, e. g. cost per square metre of floor area. This is because the costs of transportation, erecting or dismantling site buildings, material storage, water supply to site, temporary roads etc. may be fixed and would not change considerably even if the size of the project is increased. In larger projects also, the wall/floor ratios are reduced. Rooms may be larger with less need for internal partitions, skirting and decorations yielding overall cost savings. In high-rise buildings, lifts serve a larger floor area and a larger number of occupants which gives a cost advantage. Effect of Perimeter / Floor Area Ratio on Cost The wall to floor area ratio gives an indication of the planning efficiency of buildings. This is calculated by dividing the external wall area (including of windows and doors) by the gross floor area. This ratio can be used to compare different plans. In general, the lower the wall / floor ratio, the more economical a design proposal is. Circular buildings give the best wall to floor ratios but then the cost of circular work compared to that in straight walls offsets any savings due to the lower wall to floor ratio. In the two building plan shapes below, both buildings have an identical floor area of 244m sq. If both buildings are each of two storeys, then the total floor area is 488m sq. for each building. Lengths of enclosing wall: For Building A = 70m For building B = 100m (an increase of 43%) If the total height of the wall is 6m, Then the Areas of Enclosing Walls are: For Building A = 70 x 6 = 420 m sq For Building B = 100 x 6= 600m sq Wall Floor Ratios For Building A = 420 488 = 0. 86 For Building B = 600 488 = 1. 23 Conclusion Building B is very uneconomical as it has got a much greater area of enclosing walls than Building A. (Please insert dimensions on drawings manually) [pic][pic] EFFECT OF CIRCULATION SPACE ON COST Entrance halls in buildings, passages, corridors, stairways and lift wells are generally described as ‘Circulation Space’ otherwise described as ‘dead space’. These may be very expensive to maintain e. cleaning, heating, cooling, decorating costs. They however do not serve profitable purposes apart from providing means of access between different parts of the building. Spacious entrances and corridors may also add to the glamour and impressiveness of prestige buildings. To ensure economy in designs, it is important to reduce circulation to the barest minimum that en sures that the building functions satisfactorily. Cost however should not be the only consideration. Aesthetic and functional qualities should also be considered. E. g. the fire escape functions of corridors. Circulations ratios are defined as the proportion of Circulation Space to the Gross Floor Area. EFFECT OF STOREY HEIGHTS ON BUILDING COSTS Although variations in storey heights do not change the floor area, they alter the cost of buildings. The major elements of a building affected by changes in storey height are walls and partitions and their related finishings and decorations. Other possible changes arising variations in storey height include: i. An increase in the volume to be heated / cooled which would require larger heat / cooling sources and increased pipework or cables. i. Longer service pipes and waste pipes to sanitary appliances. iii. Costs to hoist roof members into place may increase. iv. Staircases and lifts (where available) will cost more to build. v. Ceiling finishings and decorations may cost more to apply. vi. In some cases, substantial increases in storey height may result in increased foundation costs to support the additional load. Generally, it must be noted th at when there are variations in storey height of a building, the Cube Method of Approximate estimating is difficult to operate. EFFECT OF TOTAL HEIGHT OF BUILDINGS ON COST Increasing heights of buildings result in increased construction costs. In practice however, the extra costs due to the increased height may be offset in part by the better utilization of expensive land as well as a reduction of external circulation works. Generally, in the development of private blocks of flats, it is cheaper to keep heights low. However, in cases where the costs of acquiring the site are very high and there is a potential for luxury rents, high rise private blocks may be advisable. Similarly, whilst tower block offices tend to be more expensive than low rise buildings, yet if the tower has around 1000m sq on each floor, the rents potential rent can offset the additional costs. BT 365 COST PLANNING AND CONTROL SEPT 2006 LECTURE 2 EFFECT OF CIRCULATION SPACE ON COST Entrance halls in buildings, passages, corridors, stairways and lift wells are generally described as ‘Circulation Space’ otherwise described as ‘dead space’. These may be very expensive to maintain e. g. cleaning, heating, cooling, decorating costs. They however do not serve profitable purposes apart from providing means of access between different parts of the building. Spacious entrances and corridors may also add to the glamour and impressiveness of prestige buildings. To ensure economy in designs, it is important to reduce circulation to the barest minimum that ensures that the building functions satisfactorily. Cost however should not be the only consideration. Aesthetic and functional qualities should also be considered. E. g. the fire escape functions of corridors. Circulations ratios are defined as the proportion of Circulation Space to the Gross Floor Area. EFFECT OF STOREY HEIGHTS ON BUILDING COSTS Although variations in storey heights do not change the floor area, they alter the cost of buildings. The major elements of a building affected by changes in storey height are walls and partitions and their related finishings and decorations. Other possible changes arising variations in storey height include: vii. An increase in the volume to be heated / cooled which would require larger heat / cooling sources and increased pipework or cables. iii. Longer service pipes and waste pipes to sanitary appliances. ix. Costs to hoist roof members into place may increase. x. Staircases and lifts (where available) will cost more to build. xi. Ceiling finishings and decorations may cost more to apply. xii. In some cases, substantial increases in storey height may result in increased foundation costs to support the additional load. Generally, it must be note d that when there are variations in storey height of a building, the Cube Method of Approximate estimating is difficult to operate. EFFECT OF TOTAL HEIGHT OF BUILDINGS ON COST Increasing heights of buildings result in increased construction costs. In practice however, the extra costs due to the increased height may be offset in part by the better utilization of expensive land as well as a reduction of external circulation works. Generally, in the development of private blocks of flats, it is cheaper to keep heights low. However, in cases where the costs of acquiring the site are very high and there is a potential for luxury rents, high rise private blocks may be advisable. Similarly, whilst tower block offices tend to be more expensive than low rise buildings, yet if the tower has around 1000m sq on each floor, the rents potential rent can offset the additional costs. APPROXIMATE ESTIMATING Also known as preliminary estimating, approximate estimating is used to produce a forecast of the probable cost of a future project before the building has been designed in detail. This helps the building client to get a fair idea of the likely financial commitments even before extensive design work is done. Quantity Surveyors use approximate estimating methods to help provide cost assessments and give advice on design proposals as well as variations to the design. Thus they are able to provide more economic alternative solutions. The accuracy of approximate estimates depends however on the quality of information on which it is based. This can be achieved with effective communication and full co-operation between the architect, the quantity surveyor and the building client right from the inception of the project. In most cases, it is the first figure that the client will always remember. It is therefore important to ensure that as information as possible is available to give a reliable preliminary estimate. It is also essential that the quantity surveyor surveys the site to be sure of the site conditions such as ground water level, load bearing capacity of the soil, obstructions on the site etc. , all of which can significantly affect costs. Approximate Estimating Methods Different methods may be used to find approximate estimates depending on the client’s expectations and the information available. The methods commonly used include the Unit method, Cube method, superficial or Floor area Method. Unit Method In this method, costs are allocated to each accommodation unit of a building e. g. persons, seats, beds, car spaces etc. To find the total cost, the total number of units is multiplied by the unit rate. Unit rates may be derived by analyzing a number of fairly recently completed buildings of the same type. Allowance has to be made though for any variations in site conditions, price changes since the completion of the scheme, variations in design materials and methods of construction. Variations arising from changes in design and construction methods can be difficult to assess. Thus a major disadvantage of this method is the lack of precision. It is suggested therefore that costs be given in ranges so that more precise costs can be determined at a later stage when much more detailed information is available. Example (Fictional figures) Hospital wards – 10,500,000 per bed University Lecture Hall 5,000,000 per seat Cube Method The cubic content of a building is obtained y multiplying the length, width and height (external dimensions) of each part of the building. The method used to determine the height of the building depends on the type of roof and whether or not the roof is occupied. For a normal building with unoccupied pitched roof, the height is taken from the top of the concrete foundation to the mid point between the intersection of the wall and the roof (i. e. half the height of the roof). If the roof space is to be occupied, the height is measured three-quarters of the way up the roof slope. In the case of flat roofs, the height is taken 600 mm above roof level. However if the flat roof is surrounded by a parapet wall which has a height exceeding 600m, then the height is measured to the top of the parapet wall. Projections like porches, steps, bays, dormers, projecting roof lights, chimney stacks, tank compartments etc are measured and added to the cubic content of the main building Illustration of Cube Method Consider a block of 5 unit factories made up workshops and offices as shown below | | | | | | | | | | | | Insert Drawing of Factory block in Elevation Calculations Assume cube rates as follows: Office @1,200,000 cedis per metre cube Factory @ 750,000 cedis per metre cube Effective height = 500 + 4. 000 + ? (2) (Top of fdn to G. L) Top of G. L to roof Roof (unoccupied) = 5. 500 m Volume of workshops = 50 x 20 x 5. 5 = 5500 metre cube Volume of offices = 50 x 5 x 5. 5 = 1375 metre cube Estimated cost of block = [emailprotected],000 = 4,125,000,000 [emailprotected],200,000 = 1,650,000,000 5,775,000,000 cedis SUPERFICIAL METHOD (FLOOR AREA METHOD) This is a popular method of approximate estimating. Most data are expressed in this form. In this method, the floor area of the building on all floors is measured between the internal faces of the enclosing walls. No deductions are made for internal walls, partitions, stairs, landings, lift shafts and passages. A unit rate is calculated per square metre of floor area. The probable cost of the building is obtained by multiplying the total floor area by the calculated unit rate. NB. 1. In practice, if the constructional methods or the quality of finish used varies considerably for different parts of the building, it will help to separate floor areas so that different unit rates can be applied to different parts of the building. . When assessing unit rates or extracting rates from cost analysis, consideration should be given to any variations in storey heights. Example: COST CONTROL DURING CONSTRUCTION Apart from the design stage, Costs need to be controlled at all stages of construction if the scheme has to be completed within the client’s budget. Having developed a cost plan at the design stage, it is essential that costs are monitored through out construction to ensure that the scheme is done within budget. Elements of Cost Control The main elements in any cost control system are: . Measure progress. 2. Calculate the budget allowance up to that stage of work. 3. Compare the budget allowance with actual costs. 4. Take corrective action. Harris and McCaffer (2001) compare controlling costs to the domestic thermostat which switches off when a system overheats. They argue that â€Å"the system should help to identify where corrective action is necessary and provide pointers to what that action should be†. They however point out the long response times that cost control systems take to respond to any problems identified. This is because â€Å"even the best cost control system provides information on what was happening last week or last month† (Harris and McCaffer 2001). COST CONTROL SYSTEMS The cost control system used depends on a number of factors such as: 1. The size of the contract. 2. Complexity of the contract. 3. The attitudes of the management staff. 4. The level of sophistication of top management. Some of the cost control systems used are: 1. The overall profit or loss method. 2. Profit or loss on the contract at valuation dates. 3. Unit costing 4. Standard costing systems. 5. PERT (Performance Evaluation and review technique. References Seeley, Ivor Building Economics Macmillan Basignstoke 1993 Kenyon, A W An Architect’s thoughts on the profession of quantity surveying The Quantity Surveyor (July / August 1964) Harris, F McCaffer R Modern Construction Management EPP Books, Accra 2005 Asworth, A Cost Studies of BuildingsLongman, Harlow 1994 Ferry J D Brandon P S Cost Planning of Buildings BPS Books, Oxford 1994

Explore the ways that Scrooges emoitions change in A Christmas Carol free essay sample

Explore the ways that Scrooge’s emotions change in â€Å"A Christmas Carol† The story will not leave us, but will â€Å"haunt† us â€Å"pleasantly† as Dickens hoped. We are experiencing this by exploring the ways that emotions of main character, Ebenezer Scrooge, change during reading â€Å"A Christmas Carol†. Charles Dickens uses a lot of adjectives and many similes in order to present a clear image of what Scrooge looks like, as well as his personality, and this is before we have ever met him: â€Å"Hard and sharp as flint, from which no steel had ever struck out generous fire. The cold within him froze his old features, nipped his pointed nose, made his eyes red, his thin lips blue; and spoke out shrewdly in his grating voice†. The fact his nose is â€Å"pointed† emphasises his sharp and unforgiving nature, which has shown perfectly when he refused to help â€Å"poor† by donating some money. For Scrooge it would be better â€Å"if they would rather die†, as he â€Å"can’t afford to make idle people merry†. Scrooge is described as being â€Å"solitary as an oyster†. This simile suggests he is shut up, tightly closed and will not be prised open except by force. However, oysters often contain pearls, so this simile also suggests there might be good buried deep inside him, underneath the hard, brittle shell. Scrooge is so mean and greedy that rather than spend money painting out his business partner, Jacob Marley’s, name above the door of the office he prefers to leave it as it is: â€Å"Scrooge never painted out old Marley’s name†. He leaves miserable life with no friends, as â€Å"nobody ever stopped him in the street†. Scrooge doesn’t celebrate Christmas and think:† Every idiot who goes about with â€Å"Merry Christmas† on his lips, should be boiled with his own pudding, and buried with stake of holly through his heart†. Cheerful and jolly Scrooge’s nephew, Fred, provides opposite argument. His believe that man and women should â€Å"open their shut-up heats freely† and think of others as well as themselves is, in fact, the central argument of the whole novella. Scrooge finds difficult to understand how Bob Cratchit, Scrooge’s clerk, can consider this a â€Å"merry† time of year, when he has to support his wife and children on only fifteen shillings a week. Scrooge feels he might as well â€Å"retire to Bedlam†, as the whole world is going mad around him. â€Å"Oyster† soul of Scrooge will be forced to open up by visit of Ghost of his dead business partner. Marley’s Ghost is covered with chains â€Å"of cash-boxes, keys, padlocks, ledgers, deeds and heavy purses wrought in steel†. These items represent or symbolize the aspects of life Marley focused on – he was more concerned with his business than other people. Therefore his punishment- is â€Å"to wonder through the world- oh, woe is me! and witness what is cannot share, but might have shared on earth, and turned to happiness! † Marley’s Ghost is warned Scrooge on Christmas Eve, that he might† have yet a chance and hope of escaping† his fate. Scrooge has been affected by Marley’s Ghost, as he breaks his normal routine, checking the door and verbally dismissing the events. So he is trying to behave as usual and tries to reject all that has happened, but he is not able to. In Stave 2 we learnt about Scrooge lonely childhood, which explains some reasons for Scrooge’s behaviour. He experienced this through visit of The Ghost of Christmas Past, who looks like a child and like a man at the same time. Scrooge can’t bear the light that emitting from the Ghost’s head, as might recognise the difference between the purity of his childhood, and the life he is now living. Scrooge’s response to being shown the countryside of his childhood is immediate: his lip trembles, there is a catch in his voice: â€Å"Scrooge muttered, with an unusual catching in his voice, that it was a pimple†. This is very different behaviour to that we have seen so far in Scrooge and it is interesting that he can change so quickly. We are shown that Scrooge had an unhappy childhood, as very often he had to stay alone at school for Christmas: â€Å"A solitary child, neglected by his friends, is left there still†. On the other hand, we can see real enthusiasm and love for his sister, Fan, when Ghost speaks about her: â€Å"But she had a large heart†. This relationship was obviously very important to Scrooge. Sad, lonely times in his childhood can explain some of the reasons for Scrooge’s behaviour. We can start to understand now a terror of being poor led him to focus purely on money. Even money is the main factor, why Belle, the young women Scrooge was once engaged to marry, leaves him wishing him happiness â€Å"in the life you have chosen†. She calls money his â€Å"Idol†, suggesting he not only loves it but also worships it as a false god. If Scrooge have had chosen Belle instead of money, he could not be a â€Å"quite alone in the world†, as Belle has a loving family and husband and the house is full of laughter and energy. The contrast is effective and the point clear- love of money can destroy human love. Ghost of Christmas Present, a spirit in the form of a giant clad in the festive robes, takes Scrooge to see Christmases of other people in order to show him that even in wretched conditions people a lot less fortunate than himself celebrate Christmas with gusto: â€Å"but every man among them hummed a Christmas tune, or had A Christmas thought, or spoke below his breath to his companion of some bygone Christmas Day†. This was â€Å"a great surprise to Scrooge†, as he never celebrates Christmas. Tiny Tim bring out Scrooge’s compassionate side and we realise there is a chance for â€Å"solitary oyster† to have a soul. Tiny Tim is ideal Victorian child, who is symbolising the plight of the poor and evoke feeling of charity in the rich. Tim has been to church with his father, Bob Cratchit, and â€Å"hoped the people saw him in the church, because he was a cripple, and it might be pleasant to them to remember upon Christmas Day, who made lame beggars walk and blind men see. † Tim is not able to survive without external support. Scrooge is became aware and show his kindness towards Bob’s disabled son after realising the role he has played in the Cratchit’s poverty. The Ghost of Christmas present questions the power that some people have assumed â€Å"to decide what men shall live, what men shall die†. This strong speech affects Scrooge greatly, as he has taught a lesson about how his miserable behaviour affects not only is own future, but the future of those around him. Dickens brings very good contrasts by showing happy and cheerful Bob Cratchit, who is despite living a very hard life and working in terrible conditions in Scrooge’s county house was grateful to his boss and proposed toast to him, on Christmas Eve, as â€Å"Founder of the Feast†. Dickens reminds us that Christmas is above all about valuing people rather than anything that money can buy. The Ghost of Christmas Yet to come provides disturbing but effective images of what will happen if Scrooge doesn’t make mankind his business. In Stave 4 Scrooge’s money is shown to be a target for the thieves, who justify their actions with reference to his meanness. It also becomes a point of discussion for his ex-colleagues who only want to know what had happened to it, and care nothing for Scrooge as a man at all. Scrooge comes across as completely different character from the one we first met. When Scrooge sees him name on the gravestone, he realises he needs to change forever: â€Å"I will honour Christmas in my heart, and try to keep it all the year. I will leave in the Past, Present and the Future. The Spirits of all Three shall strive within me. I will not shut out the lessons that they teach†. In the final Stave we see joyous, happy Scrooge, completely transformed from the one we met at the beginning of the novella. He is happy to be alive and in spreading this happiness creates yet more: â€Å"His own heart laughed: and that was quite enough for him†. His altered behaviour- â€Å"rubbing his hands, and splitting with a laugh†- combined with his generous actions to those around him, persuade us that he is a changed man. He bought turkey and sent to the Cratchits, he made large donations to the Charity Collectors he sent away the day before. Even bright and sunny weather reflects Scrooge transformation. Dickens describing effectively emotions of main character, Ebenezer Scrooge, in â€Å"A Christmas Carol† by using a lot of contrasts, imagery, simile, adjectives. It is through the visitation of Marley’s Ghost, as well as Christmas Spirits, that Scrooge is taught a lesson about how miserable behaviour affects not only his own future but the future of those around him. Therefore at the end of novella â€Å"Scrooge was better than his world† in his new life, as a proof, that â€Å"solitary oyster† has a soul.

Stds Essays - Sexually Transmitted Diseases And Infections

Std's Sexually Transmitted Diseases Sex is a popular subject; it is on television, in advertisements, in magazines, and practically everywhere. One very serious side effect of an increase of sexual activity is the risk of contracting sexually transmitted diseases. They affect more than twelve million Americans each year. Sexually transmitted diseases are becoming common and widely spread throughout Americans because of unprotected sex, permiscuity, and multiple sex partners. Some of the most commonly found sexually transmitted diseases are gonorrhea, chlamydia, HIV/AIDS, and syphilis. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention estimates there are six hundred-fifty thousand new infections of gonorrhea in the United States each year. (Ultimate Guide: Gonorrhea par.2) Gonorrhea is a very common bacterial sexually transmitted disease. Gonorrhea is caused by the bacteria Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and is also one of the oldest known human diseases. In the second century A.D., the Greek physician Galer first gave it the name Gonorrhea, which means, flow of seed in Greek, as the discharge from the penis (actually pus) was thought to be semen. (Jackson 68) Gonorrhea can be transmitted by vaginal, anal, or oral sex. According to James K. Jackson, men often will have a burning discomfort at the tip of the penis during urination and a discharge of pus from the urethal opening, after being contaminated with gonorrhea. In women symptoms usually include increased vaginal discharge, painful or difficult urination, pain during or following intercourse, and bleeding between periods. (Ultimate Guide: Gonorrhea par.4) Gonorrhea can be easily detected by urine, or by taking tissue samples from the infected area. Gonorrhea can be cured, by simply taking some antibiotics. Chlamydia is the most commonly reported sexually transmitted disease in the United States. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates there are three million new infections in the United each year. (Ultimate Guide: Chlamydia par.2) Chlamydia is a bacterial sexually transmitted disease. This organism, a very small bacterium, gets its name from the Greek word chlamys, meaning, cloak. It must cloak itself inside a cell to multiply. The infection is often persistent and relatively silent for long periods, because the cell provides camouflage for the germ. (Jackson 73) Chlamydia is mainly transmitted through anal and vaginal sex with an infected partner. It is also possible, but not very common to spread chlamydia through oral sex. Another way it can be transmitted is from an infected mother to her newborn child during birth. People can get eye infections from chlamydia if an infected bodily fluid reaches the eye during sex. (Ultimate Guide: Chlamydia par.3) Symptoms of the infection appear in seven to twenty-one days. Chlamydia, often called the silent sexually transmitted disease, does not show any symptoms at all. Symptoms can include abnormal fluid discharge from the penis or vagina, pain or burning during urination, testicular pain, vaginal bleeding, bleeding after or pain during intercourse, rectal inflammation, rectal discharge, diarrhea, nausea, and abdominal pain. (Ultimate Guide: Chlamydia par.4) In women, if chlamydia is left untreated it can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and infertility. (Dudley 6) In men, chlamydia can infl ame the testicles and cause the testicle to vas deferens. This inflammation can result in infertility. (WebMD: Facts of Chlamydia par.5) Testing for chlamydia can be done with a urine test or by collecting a sample of tissue from the vagina, cervix, or urethra. (Ultimate Guide: Chlamydia par. 7) Chlamydia can be treated by antibiotics to cure the infection. (Jackson 75) In 1997 alone, HIV/AIDS associated illnesses caused the deaths of approximately two point five million people worldwide. (WebMD: HIV/AIDS par.2) A recent issue of The Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) offered the following comment: Any maypole erected today ought to be covered with a condom. That is the conclusion one might well reach after talking with physicians And others concerned with expression of sexuality Sheathing the Ancient fertility symbol would negate its raison de^tre, but it Would surely focus attention on the horrific truth that the male member May now convey the seeds of death as well as life. HIV/AIDS can be contracted through anal, oral, or vaginal intercourse. These diseases can also be contracted through the use of dirty needles. (Ultimate Guide:HIV/AIDS par1) HIV, human immunodefiency virus, is the virus that causes aids(acquired immune defiency

Research Topic Essay Sample - How to Use It

Research Topic Essay Sample - How to Use ItA research topic essay sample can provide you with a great idea about how to develop good writing skills. You can also use it as a guide to learn some best techniques for writing a successful research topic essay.Before you get started, you should choose a research topic that will interest you. Research topics are essential because you will have a better understanding of the course materials. By knowing what kind of material you will be studying, you will be able to prepare your presentation accordingly.Next, you should choose a writing style that is easy for you to do. You should also pick a topic that you are familiar with and passionate about. If you are not sure, you can take an online research topic. The objective is to get opinions about it. Just as long as it is interesting, you are on the right track.You should not worry if you don't know a lot about research topics because you can always buy an essay topic or other study guides in t he market. You can also just read up about them from the Internet.For this purpose, you can also take a research topic essay sample as a reference. Make sure that the essay is as close to your research topic as possible. Also, don't just copy it directly.You should make a note of the key phrase or the most common terms. This will help you when you want to write your own research topic essay in the future.When you have chosen a research topic essay sample, you should research about the topic. You should look at the literature or even the TV show. You can try to look up the term in a dictionary or a news database.After you have already done the research, you can now begin writing your research topic essay. Follow the guidelines above and you will be on your way to writing a professional research topic essay in no time.

How to Get the Most Realistic SAT Practice Test Experience

How to Get the Most Realistic SAT Practice Test Experience SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Choosing the best way to practice for the SAT can be difficult; there are a lot of study options out there, but not all of them may give you an accurate indicator of how well you’ll do on test day.Taking SAT practice tests under realistic testing conditions is a great way to practice for the SAT and get an estimate what your score will be on the real test. There are many free SAT practice tests available that you can take in your own home, however; it can be challenging to simulate real test-taking conditions.The closer the conditions of your practice test are to the real SAT, the more useful and accurate your results will be.Read on to learn how you can recreate realistic testing conditions at home in order to get the most accurate results from SAT practice tests. This guide will give you all the information you need to create realistic testing conditions for a practice SAT exam. There are eight recommendations to follow in order to have an ultra realistic practice test: Take a complete test Have the required materials Have a set starting time Simulate a classroom environment Have an â€Å"official test† mindset Keep strict timing on each section Use only official breaks Review your exam results Benefits of Realistic Practice Test Conditions Like other methods of preparing for the SAT, taking practice tests can help youbecome more familiar with the types of questions that are asked on the exam and identify subject areas you should focus your future studying on. Taking a practice test in a realistic setting is even better because it gives you the most accurate sense of how you're scoring and helps you feel comfortable with and prepared for the test day proceedings. Let's go over the benefits of realistic testing in more depth so you know why this extra hassle is worth the effort. More Accurate Scores The closer your practice SAT is to real test-taking conditions, the more accurate your scores will be because your practice tests will take many variables into account, such as if you were able to finish each section before time ran out and how well you were able to concentrate with only limited breaks. Having more accurate scores gives you a better estimate of what your total SAT score would be, as well as how well you would do on each separate test section. This will let you more accurately determine what your strengths and weaknesses are and make your future studying more effective. Better Understanding of How Test Length Affects You SATs are long tests: the current version, including breaks, takes roughly four hours,if you include the optional essay. While answering individual practice questions can help you improve your score, taking full-length practice tests help you learn how well you hold up after several hours of testing. For example, you may discover that your scores drop on the later sections of the test because you find it harder to stay focused. Youmaynot have discovered this information if you’d never taken a full-length practice test under realistic conditions, and it gives you something to prepare for.Taking multiple full-length practice tests will also increase your test-taking stamina, so you're less likely to run out of energy during the real SAT. Less Anxiety About the Test The more familiar you are with something, the less worrisome it becomes.By making your practice exam test conditions close to those of the real SAT, you will become more familiar with the exam and its format, so that when you take the SAT you will know what to expect and will likely be more relaxed and prepared. How to Make Practice Testing as Realistic as Possible #1: Take a Complete Test In order to make your practice test as realistic as possible, you should take a complete practice test.TheCollege Board currently hasfour official practice tests for the SAT available. Taking an official practice test is important because it will keep your practice test experience as realistic as possible and give you the most accurate estimate of what your scores will be on the real SAT. Before you begin the test, print off the entire exam and its instructions so that you are ready to go.For your practice test, you should bubble in the answers on the answer sheet, just like you would for the real SAT. #2: Have the Required Materials The SAT has very specific rules on what you must bring, can bring, and are forbidden to bring on test day. Learn these rules ahead of time and follow them during your practice test. The SAT requires you to bring: Photo ID (such as a driver’s license or school ID) Your SAT admission ticket with your photo printed on it Two No. 2 pencils, with erasers Calculator: try and use the same calculator you plan to use for the real SAT, and make sure it meets the SAT’s calculator requirements Have these four things with you for the practice exam (using a blank sheet of paper that represents your admission ticket), so that you get used to remembering to bring them. Other things you should bring: A watch: this will help you keep track of your time because you can never be sure if there will be a clock visible during the test. Make sure your watch doesn’t beep though, because that is grounds to get you dismissed from the exam. Snacks and water: the SAT is a long test and having something to eat and drink during the break can help keep your energy up. Do not have cameras, notebooks, or your own scratch paper with you during your practice test, and if you have your phone near you, make sure it is turned off for the entire exam. #3: Have a Set Starting Time You and the parent who is proctoring you should establish beforehand when you will take your SAT.In order to be as similar to a real SAT as possible, this practice test should begin when real SATs do: at 8:00am on a Saturday. This is early, but taking your practice test at that time will help you be better prepared for the real SAT and know how well you function that early in the morning.Regard this start time as unchangeable. You cannot push it back or change it, even if you accidentally ended up staying out with your friends late the night before, decide you want work out, or want to watch some Netflix. You won’t be able to delay the start time of the real SAT, so don’t do it for the practice SAT either. Get up early enough so that by 8:00 AM, you're sitting at the desk or table where you’ll take the exam, with all your materials ready. #4: Simulate a Classroom Environment The room where you’ll be taking your practice SAT should be as close to a classroom as possible, because that's likely where you’ll take the actual exam.Don’t take your test while sitting on the couch or in a room that other family members will frequently be walking through. Pick a quiet room where you and your proctor you will be undisturbed, and sit at a desk or table.Only have necessary materials around you. Your phone should also be turned off and put awaylike it will be for the real exam. This is very important to rememberbecause having your phone on for the real SAT is enough to get you kicked out of the exam and your scores tossed out. #5: Have an "Official Test" Mindset Both you and your proctor should have the mindset throughout the entire test that this a realistic practice exam and should be as close to a real SAT as possible.The person acting as your proctor (likely your parent), should act as much like an official proctor as possible.This means things like reading instructions aloud,not making jokes, and not watching TVor listening loudly to music while you’re taking the test. You should take this test as seriously as you would a real SAT. Don’t ask for extra time, don’t try to check your phone during the test, don’t skip questions just because you got tired and know this isn’t a â€Å"real† test.If you wouldn’t do it during the real SAT, don’t do it during this practice exam. Taking a practice test under realistic conditions can provide you with a very accurate example of how you’d score on the real SAT, which can significantly help your future studying and raise your score for the actual exam, so take the practice test seriously. #6: Keep Strict Timing on Each Test Section This is one of the most important things you can do to help make your results from your practice SAT as accurate as possible.Not only is the SAT long, but it also includes a lot of questions in each section. Taking the test under real timing conditions will help you get used to the time pressures of the SAT and improve your time management skills. Your practice test will state how long you have for each section, and your proctor should follow the SAT’s time restrictions exactly.Have your proctor keep track of the time with a watch or timer, announcing when you have five minutes left in each section. You can also keep track of the time with your watch, if you’re wearing one. As soon as your proctor calls time, set your pencil down. Do not ask for or try to take any additional time. Even adding two extra minutes to a section can allow you to answer several more questions, which will give you an inflated and less accurate score.If you finish a section before time is called, do not move onto the next section to try and finish the test sooner. Just like you would for the real SAT, review your answers for that section until time is called. #7: Use Only Official Breaks The SAT has only three breaks, each between five and ten minutes long. These breaks usually come after the 2nd, 4th, and 6th sections of the exam. For the redesigned SAT, there will likely be two breaks, a ten-minute break after the writing section and a five-minute break before the essay.During your practice test, you should only take breaks at these times, and only for the specific amount of time allowed. Like strictly timing your sections, this will get you more used to the challenges of taking a long test with few breaks, which will let you see if this affects your score and help you improve your test-taking endurance. During these breaks, don’t do things you wouldn’t be able to do during the real SAT breaks, like check your phone, go on the computer, or go outside.You can (and should) use these breaks to get up and stretch, sharpen your pencils, use the bathroom, and eat the snacks or drinks you brought with you. Optional: Take Your Practice Test With Others This isn’t a requirement, but if you have other friends studying for the SAT, it can be helpful to take your practice tests at the same time.Doing sowill make your practice test closer to the real thing because you’ll take the real SAT with other people in the room, and, when you do, you’ll be more used to noises other test takers can make, like rustling papers or tapping their feet. #8: Grade and Review Your Exam Once you've finished with the entire test, take a short break before reviewing your answers. This can be anywhere from a few hours to a few days. Either you or your proctor should grade your multiple choice answers.If you included the writing section, try to have two other people grade it, following the SAT’s essay rubric.Also check out our guide on converting your raw score into a scaled score. Now you have your score for your practice SAT, but you’re not finished yet.You should review each question you got wrong or guessed on, working to understand what mistakes you made and how you can avoid making them again in the future.If you skip this step, your SAT scores likely won’t improve much, no matter how many practice tests you take because you’ll keep repeating the same mistakes. Check out our guide on the best way to review missed questions on the SAT. We also have a ton of resources to help you study for the SAT and raise your score. Check some of them out below. SAT Study Resources Want to learn ways to boost your SAT score? Learn the 15SAT tricks you should be using. Don't have a lot of time to study for the SAT? Learn the best last-minute study tips you should use. Wondering when you should begin your SAT prep? We have a step-by-step guide that tells you how long you should study for the SAT. Wondering what other study options there are beyond official practice tests? Learn about smart alternatives to officialtests. Aiming for a 1600 on the SAT? Check out our guide on how to get a perfect SAT score. Disappointed with your scores? Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points?We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now: Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Tweet Christine Sarikas About the Author Christine graduated from Michigan State University with degrees in Environmental Biology and Geography and received her Master's from Duke University. In high school she scored in the 99th percentile on the SAT and was named a National Merit Finalist. She has taught English and biology in several countries. Get Free Guides to Boost Your SAT/ACT Get FREE EXCLUSIVE insider tips on how to ACE THE SAT/ACT. 100% Privacy. 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